4 The effects of the injection of 2AP on spatial memory space. LSD post-hoc test or Students non-significant Reduction of hippocampal neurogenesis and remote spatial memory space by extra 2AP We next investigated the effect of 2AP injection on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and the spatial memory space process. The number of BrdU-positive and Ki67-bad cells in the DG was significantly decreased from the injection of 2AP in comparison to the control mice (Fig.?3a, b). Accordingly, the number of Dcx-positive cells was decreased by extra 2AP (Fig.?3c, d). 2AP was injected into the brain after the 1st day time of training in the MWM test. Probe checks Senexin A were performed on the second day time of teaching (30?min after teaching), and then at 1?month (Fig.?4a). In the training for the MWM test, there was little difference in the latency to the platform between the 2AP-injected mice and the control mice (Fig.?4b). In the probe test at 30?min after teaching, the time in the prospective quadrant was longer than that in the other quadrants in both groups of mice, and the time in each quadrant did not differ between them, indicating that both mice remembered where the platform had been (Fig.?4c). The swimming velocity of the 2AP-injected mice and control mice did not differ to a statistically significant degree (16.5??0.5 and 16.4??0.7?cm/s, respectively). In the probe test at 1?month after the training sessions, Senexin A there was no difference in the time the 2AP-injected mice spent in each quadrant, while the time the control mice spent in the prospective quadrant was markedly longer than that in the opposite quadrant (Fig.?4d). These results suggest that extra 2AP suppresses hippocampal neurogenesis, as well as spatial memory space retention and recall. Open in a separate windows Fig. 3 The effects of the injection of 2AP on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. a Representative images of immunostaining of BrdU and Ki67. 2AP or saline was intracerebroventricularly injected in 12-week-old C57BL/6J mice, 2?h after the first intraperitoneal injection of BrdU, and BrdU was administered at 24-h intervals for 7?days. Coronal brain slices were immunostained with antibodies. Arrow mind show Ki67+ cells. Level pub: 50?m. b The numbers of BrdU+/Ki67? cells in the DG were counted inside a blinded manner. c Representative images of immunostaining of Dcx. Level pub: 200?m. d The numbers of Dcx+ cells in the DG were counted inside a blinded manner. The ideals represent the mean??S.E. (saline: n?=?5, 2AP: n?=?6). Statistical significance Rabbit Polyclonal to ROCK2 was evaluated using College students t-test. *P?0.05 Open in a separate window Fig. 4 The effects of the injection of 2AP on spatial memory space. a 2AP or saline was intracerebroventricularly injected in 12-week-old C57BL/6J mice after the first day time of training in the MWM test. On the second day time, mice were repeatedly trained, and then the probe checks were performed 30?min and 1?month later. b The results of the training classes. The latency to the prospective in each trial was measured, and the ideals represent the mean ideals of 4 tests in each session. c and d The results of the probe checks performed 30?min (c) and 1?month (d) after teaching. The time in each quadrant was measured. The ideals represent the mean??S.E. (saline: n?=?8, 2AP: n?=?10). Statistical significance was evaluated using an ANOVA with an LSD post-hoc test. **P?0.01 The amount of 2AP in the brain was negatively correlated with working spatial memory The degree of 2AP levels and functions in the brain was suggested to affect the hippocampus-dependent spatial memory. Therefore, in order to elucidate the relationship between the 2AP levels and mind ageing accompanied by cognitive decrease, we 1st compared the levels of 2AP in the brain between young and aged mice. The manifestation of 2AP in both the hippocampus and cerebral cortex in aged mice was amazingly higher in comparison to young mice, while there was no significant difference in the manifestation of plasmin (Fig.?5a, b). The relative amount of Senexin A 2AP in the cerebrospinal fluid in aged mice tended to become higher than that Senexin A in young mice (young mice: 1.0??0.4, old mice: 1.5??0.2; n?=?4/group), while the 2AP level in the plasma in old mice.
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