Differences inChlamydiaseroprevalence are likely due to variations in animal welfares, animal groups, climates, and husbandry methods

Differences inChlamydiaseroprevalence are likely due to variations in animal welfares, animal groups, climates, and husbandry methods. zoonotic obligate intracellular pathogens that impact humans and a wide range of animals [1, 2].Chlamydiainfection can cause various diseases in nonhuman mammals and parrots, including conjunctivitis, atypical pneumonia, enteritidis, endocarditis, and even abortion, resulting in serious economic deficits [3C6]. SeveralChlamydiaspecies are known to infect humans and are of severe general public health significance because they may result in atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, pneumonia, and additional severe diseases [7].Chlamydia abortusandChlamydia psittaciare of particular importance because they can cause abortion and psittacosis, respectively, in animals, birds and humans. In Egypt, a study exposed that in symptomatic gynecologically diseased women the seroprevalence ofChlamydia psittaciwas 50.0%,Chlamydia abortuswas 35.7%, andChlamydia trachomatiswas 15.2% [8], and in Iloperidone the genital tract of cattle the main Chlamydiaceae wereChlamydia psittaciandChlamydia abortus[9]. The animal diseases caused by these microorganisms should be given more attention because of the zoonotic potential [1, 7, 10]. The breeding of home rabbits (Chlamydiaand the risk factors connected withChlamydiainfection in home rabbits in the world. Thus, the present study was Iloperidone aimed at determining the seroprevalence ofChlamydiainfection in home rabbits in northeast China and identifying factors associated with the presence ofChlamydiaantibodies in home rabbits in the study area. 2. Materials and Iloperidone Methods 2.1. Ethics Statement This study was authorized by the Animal Ethics Committee of Lanzhou Veterinary Study Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Authorization no. LVRIAEC2013-010). The home rabbits, from which the serum samples were collected, were handled in accordance with good animal methods required by the Animal Ethics Methods and Guidelines of the People’s Republic of China. 2.2. Collection and Preparation of Serum Samples A total of eight hundred home rabbits were randomly sampled from Liaoning province, Jilin province, Heilongjiang province, and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. From each rabbit, approximately 2? mL of blood was collected from your marginal ear vein or postmortem. After centrifugation at 3,000?rpm for 10?min, sera were Pcdha10 collected and stored at ?20C until use. Handling of rabbits was in compliance with the Animal Ethics Methods and Guidelines of the People’s Republic of China. Information about species, age groups, geographic source, and gender was acquired from breeders. 2.3. Serological Exam Antibodies toChlamydiawere tested by indirect hemagglutination antibody (IHA) using a commercially promoted kit (Lanzhou Veterinary Study Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China). The methods are according to the manufacturer’s instructions and previous descriptions [13, 14]. The IHA kit was performed following a standard protocol recommended by Chinese Center for Animal Iloperidone Diseases Prevention and Control, and the level of sensitivity and specificity of the test are 100% and 95%, respectively [13]. The level of sensitivity and specificity ideals for the screening kit used in this study have been validated from the Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China (NY/T 562C2002). In brief, 75?Chlamydiawere detected in 143 of 800 (17.88%, 95% CI 15.22C20.53) domestic rabbits. Of these, antibody titers were 1?:?16 in 22, 1?:?32 in 18, 1?:?64 in 33, 1?:?128 in 30, 1?:?256 in 27, 1?:?512 in 9, and 1?:?1024 in 4, respectively (Table 3). TheChlamydiaseroprevalence assorted in home rabbits from different areas, ranging from 15.00% (95% CI 10.05C19.95) to 20.50% (95% CI 14.91C26.10) (Table 1), but the variations were not significantly different. The juvenile rabbits experienced higher seroprevalence (19.83%) than that in adults (15.18%). The seroprevalence ofChlamydiawas varied in different breeds of home rabbits; the highest level was 20.88% in Chinese White Rabbits, followed by 17.61% in New Zealand Rabbits and 15.20% in California Rabbits (Table 1). However, the variations were not statistically significant ( 0.05). Table 1 Seroprevalence of illness in home rabbits by age, gender, and breed in China, as recognized by.